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Resilience, or the ability to bounce back despite facing adversities, may influence parents' abilities to handle the multitude of parent-specific COVID-19-related challenges that have faced them. This cross-sectional study examined (1) the relationship between parents' resilience and their COVID-19-related family stressors;(2) parents' perceptions of their greatest stressors throughout the pandemic;and (3) non-school-related challenges and their resultant impact on parents' and children's resilience. Via an online survey, data was collected from 63 parents (Mage = 37.09;82.54% female). A significant relationship was found between parents' resilience and both their COVID-19-related stressors and family stressors. Parents described stressors challenging their resilience, including impacts on their mental health, managing occupational and educational responsibilities, social isolation, and economic setbacks, while also noting the impacts of social isolation, missing extracurricular activities, and lacking routines for their children. Overall, Ontario parents high in resilience are likely better positioned to adapt to pandemic-related stressors. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Family Journal is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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The aim of our study was to identify body-related predictors (quality of life, negative emotions, body dissatisfaction) of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic while controlling for sex, age and BMI. Participants (N = 167, Mage = 37.70 years ± 11.37) completed: the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory, the short form of the Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale and the socio-demographic survey. Body-related quality of life had the most credible and negative association among the included predictors. Body-related negative emotions and body dissatisfaction were both positively and credibly related, with similar strength. Our outcomes mean that body image attitudes and emotions, and the extent to which these impact on quality of life during COVID-19 are important in predicting the level of depression symptoms. Expanding the scope of knowledge in this field will help to understand the mechanisms generating relationships between depression and body image, especially in the context of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and will allow for more effective assistance in the treatment of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Advances in Mental Health is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ABSTRACT
Temporary school lockdowns and physical distancing practices due to the Covid‐19 pandemic have led to the risk of problematic social media use (PSU) in students who need to socialize. The effect of PSU on students' academic commitment and the mechanisms that moderate this effect spark interest in researchers. For this reason, the present study sought answers to the following two research questions: (a) Whether PSU positively predicts academic procrastination (AP), (b) Whether this relation is moderated by self‐control and gender. Employing the additive multiple moderation model, the study was carried out with 370 Turkish middle school students (female: 65.1%, Mage: 12.82). The findings indicate that PSU positively affects AP. The positive effect of PSU on AP is higher in boys than in girls. Self‐control acts as a buffering moderator in the positive effect of PSU on AP. As students' self‐control levels increase, the positive effect of PSU on AP weakens. Self‐control plays a greater role as a buffering moderator in girls than in boys. Regarding the context of middle school students' PSU and AP, the results extend the literature, which states that boys tend to act more impulsively. Also, this study adds new empirical evidence to the literature regarding the importance of high levels of self‐control in minimizing the negative effects of PSU, which has become more common among middle school students after the Covid‐19 pandemic, on AP. Practitioner Points: Problematic social media use (PSU) positively affects academic procrastination (AP).Self‐control acts as a buffering moderator in the positive effect of PSU on AP.The positive effect of PSU on AP is higher in boys than in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Psychology in the Schools is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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The coronavirus invaded the world in late 2019. It includes many subtypes, majorly severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Jordan has faced enormous hardships in dealing with the abrupt spread of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Jordan has taken severe and deterring measures to combat the disease's spread, such as closing Jordanian schools and institutions. Medical imaging professionals (MIPs) play a vital role in corona patients' diagnosis, management, and treatment planning, and their awareness is essential to understand. This study focuses on medical imaging professionals (MIPs) and their aid in COVID-19 planning. The knowledge and perception of the COVID-19 pandemic were assessed using a live cross-sectional survey conducted during the outbreak. Medical imaging professionals and trainees in private, military, and government hospitals provided data. Regarding the diagnosis of COVID-19, the researchers have found that molecular biology techniques are the first line of defence, whereas nasopharyngeal swabs and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are also prevalent among medical professionals for COVID-19 testing. Overall, medical imaging experts and interns in Jordan exhibited expected levels of knowledge and perception. They advised following the CDC and WHO guidelines in their healthcare settings to offer an acceptable approach during the pandemic. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Health & Social Care in the Community is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Background: COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndromes-CoV-2, a virus that affects the physical as well as mental health of people. Aims and Objectives: Our study was conducted to estimate the COVID-19 anxiety prevalence and its associated sociodemographic factors in a medical college. Materials and Methods: Undergraduate medical students of a medical college in Chengalpattu district were the study participants, with inclusion criteria of students above 18 years of age from 2nd, 3rd, and final year and interns being included for the study. Using simple random sampling, students were selected with a sample size of 197. After obtaining approval from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee and informed consent, data were collected using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire, with anxiety being assessed using coronavirus anxiety scale and data analyzed using SPSS version 21. The statistical tests used were proportions, Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Among the 197 students, males constituted 82 (41.6%) and females 115 (58.4%), of which 60 (73.1%) of males and 88 (76.5%) of females had COVID-19 anxiety. Overall 75.1% had COVID-19 anxiety. Based on the year of study, 43 (22%) 2nd-year students and 38 (19.3%) 3rd-year students, 29 (14.8%) final-year students, and 38 (19.3%) inters had COVID-19 anxiety. Sociodemographic factors such as the type of family, year of study, and staying with parents had a strong association with COVID-19 anxiety. Conclusion: In our study, 75.1% experience Coronavirus related anxiety, and thus, there is need for focus on the mental well-being of undergraduate students requiring attention as well as support from college administration, family, and society to cope up with the pandemic situation. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Asian Journal of Medical Sciences is the property of Manipal Colleges of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Background: With the anticipation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) third wave, there were reports of increased rates of infection among children. So naturally, there will be apprehension among parents regarding this. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) play an important role in effectively controlling the infection. Aims and Objectives: The study is an attempt to understand parental apprehension and their KAP regarding COVID-19 infection in children. Materials and Methods: A total of 367 parents participated. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using R language. Results: Higher scores of knowledge were reported among higher age (P=0.003), higher education (P<0.001), professionals (P<0.001), urban area (P<0.001), and two or more children (P=0.022). Good practices were noted among unemployed (P<0.001), Hindu religion (P=0.045), and single child (P=0.002). Higher educated and employed had good knowledge, but practices were better among unemployed and illiterate. Knowledge was positively correlated with attitude (r+0.54, P<0.001, 95% CI [0.47, 0.61]) and practices (r+0.26, P<0.001, 95% CI [0.17, 0.36]);and attitudes with practices (r+0.32, P<0.001, 95% CI [0.22, 0.41]). Conclusion: The study finds that generally, parents have good KAP toward COVID-19. However, they have limited knowledge regarding COVID-19 infection in children contributing to parental apprehension. It is time we spread awareness on KAPs regarding COVID-19 infection in children. [ FROM AUTHOR]
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Background: COVID-19 occurs in various countries and has been declared a pandemic by WHO. Multiple efforts have been made to reduce the number of cases of COVID-19. However, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to increase, along with control efforts carried out by various parties, causing overclaims for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19. Objective This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge and public perception of the behavior of implementing the COVID-19 prevention protocol in Central Java Province. Methods: This cross-sectional study used primary data collected online via WhatsApp, Telegram, Instagram, and Facebook in December 2020. A total of 1,098 of 1,115 respondents passed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Backward Elimination is used to determine factors related to behavior in the multivariable model stage using multiple logistic regression. Results: The knowledge, perception, and behaviors prevalence of implementing COVID-19 prevention protocols were good & enough 79.1% (95% CI 76.63 - 81.45), 96.6% (95% CI 95.38 - 97.55), and 92.3% (95% CI 90.62 - 93.78) respectively. The result revealed that Knowledge (adjOR = 2.034, 95% CI 1.253 - 3.302, P = 0.004) and Perception (adjOR = 4.064, 95% CI 1.859 - 8.882, P = < 0.001) were possibly associated with behaviors of implementing COVID-19 prevention protocols among communities in Central Java Province. Conclusion This study found a slight prevalence of good & enough knowledge, perception, and behaviors of implementing COVID-19 prevention protocols in a representative sample among Communities in Central Java Province. Knowledge and perceptions were statistically significant with behaviors. [ FROM AUTHOR]
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Background: Social distancing, mask, and sanitizers are advised to cut the chain of transmission of the droplet and airborne infection since the first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan. Universal mask usage is advised by the center for disease control. Despite this, it is assumed that there is no adequate mask practice. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) To assess the knowledge and practice regarding optimal mask usage in a different setting by the general community. (2) To identify the barriers for optimal mask usage as experienced by users. Materials and Methods: We did a cross-sectional study in Kerala using self-made validated questionnaire translated to Malayalam, the regional language distributed by web based Google form. The sample size was calculated as 200 with an assumption of awareness regarding mask usage among the general public to be at least 60% with a confidence interval of 95 and allowable error of 10% Knowledge was considered as high if 80–100%, moderate if 60–79% and low if 0–59%. The practice was considered as good if >75, 74–50 satisfactory and if <50, it is termed as unsatisfactory. Results: Overall knowledge regarding masks and their usage was 52. 88% which is low. Only 38% were doing satisfactory practice. There were lacunae in knowledge regarding mask reusage (39.9%), ideal masks in hospital settings (43.3%). Only 26.4% practiced optimal method of mask removal and 38.4% safe mask disposal. Major barriers for mask usage were suffocation (49.3%) and exertional dyspnea (46.9%). Conclusion: More awareness needs to be created among the public for COVID appropriate behavior with a focus on mask usage. There is a need to address the commonly observed barriers for adhering to mask practice. [ FROM AUTHOR]
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Introduction and Research Problem: Since SARSCoV-2 virus spread, 190 countries have reported over 84 million confirmed cases. Many countries took certain precautionary measurements. The balance between maintaining the educational process and protecting the lives of millions at risk remains a debate and whether to maintain public attendance or promote virtual learning. The goal of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of college students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, towards COVID-19 precautionary measurements in both public and private spaces. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study for an epidemiological investigation in compliance to STROBE criteria and based in King Abdulaziz University, was conducted during the period of June 2021 looking at percentage of compliance to different precautionary measurements by college students and an analysis of their behavior. A total number of 606 college students were selected on random sampling technique from both genders in 12 different universities. Microsoft software was used with a 95% confidence level and a 5% error margin. Data input and statistical analysis were done by Excel and SPSS. Summary of Results: 51.32% of the participants were males while 48.68% were females. Mean participants' age was 21.01±2.828. Participants were grouped according to their age into, 21> group and 21= group. Groups participated according to their enrolled universities where students enrolled at King Abdulaziz University contributed the most to the questionnaire. Conclusion and Recommendations: Measuring the knowledge and attitude of college students is essential to understand the virus' social course among this population. Findings were encouraging in terms of their knowledge and attitude. However, periodic training is required based on the previous experience. Social media proved to be a main source in obtaining information. Almost all institutions eventually applied a hybrid model of online/in person classes. This study also bridges the current gap in local research related to the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine among university students. Though the sample has been collected from all major universities in Jeddah, sample sizes from different universities varied. Moreover, the study focuses on the knowledge of the population in the recent days of the pandemic (June 2021) and therefore might not be generalizable outside the domain of the defined population and scope of the present study. [ FROM AUTHOR]
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Background: Corona Virus (COVID-19) is a new respiratory viral infectious disease that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Subsequently, as of May 31, 2022, the government of South Sulawesi reported 143,276 confirmed cases, 2,463 deaths, and 140,395 recovered patients. Purpose: To analyze the impact of behavior, travel history, and comorbidities on the incidence of COVID-19 in South Sulawesi. Methods: This is observational research with a cross-sectional study design and was conducted from January-April 2022 in 7 districts of South Sulawesi Province. A population of 650 respondents with a total sample of 161 patients confirmed positive and 189 suspected of having COVID-19. The Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results: There was a relationship between travel history (p0.00;OR 2.19), knowledge (p0.03;OR 1.74), and actions (p0.00;OR 0.18) on the incidence of COVID-19. Additionally, no relationship was reported between comorbidities (p0.85), attitudes (p0.90), and level of knowledge (p0.08>(0.05) on the incidence of COVID-19. The most influential variable in the rapid spread was travel history, with an exp(B) value of 2.19 CI (95%) (LL=1.26;UL=3.80). Conclusion: The results showed that travel history, knowledge, and actions made a major contribution to the spread of COVID-19 in South Sulawesi Province. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Latar Belakang: Virus Corona (COVID-19) adalah penyakit infeksi virus pernapasan baru yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit mulai dari flu biasa hingga sindrom pernapasan akut yang parah. Per tanggal 31 Mei 2022, Pemerintah Sulawesi Selatan melaporkan 143.276 kasus terkonfirmasi, 2.463 meninggal, dan 140.395 pasien sembuh. Tujuan: Menganalisis dampak perilaku, riwayat perjalanan, dan penyakit penyerta terhadap kejadian COVID-19 di Sulawesi Selatan. Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan desain cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada bulan Januari-April 2022 di tujuh kabupaten di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Populasi penelitian sebanyak 650 responden dengan total sampel 161 pasien terkonfirmasi positif dan 189 suspek COVID-19. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-square dan regresi logistik berganda. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan antara riwayat perjalanan (p0,00;OR 2,19), pengetahuan (p0,03;OR 1,74), dan tindakan (p0,00;OR 0,18) terhadap kejadian COVID-19. Selain itu, tidak ada hubungan yang dilaporkan antara penyakit penyerta (p0.85), sikap (p0.90), dan tingkat pengetahuan (p0.08>(0.05) terhadap kejadian COVID-19. Variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap penyebaran cepat adalah riwayat perjalanan dengan nilai exp(B) 2,19 CI (95%) (LL=1,26;UL=3,80). Kesimpulan: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa riwayat perjalanan, pengetahuan, dan tindakan memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap penyebaran COVID-19 di provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. (Indonesian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Introduction Advanced cancer patients often require clinic or hospital follow-up for their symptom control to maintain their quality of life. But it becomes difficult for the patients to attend the same due to financial, commutation, and logistic issues. Objective The aim of this study was to audit the telephonic calls of the service and prospectively collected data to understand the quality of service provided to the patients at follow-up. Materials and Methods An ambispective observational study was conducted on the advanced stage cancer patients referred to the palliative care department at Kolhapur Cancer Center, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. We conducted an audit of the 523 telephonic calls of our service—"PALLCARE Seva" from June 2020 to February 2021. Prospectively, we assessed the quality of service based on 125 telephonic calls (n = 125) for this;we designed a questionnaire consisting of 11 items on the 5-point Likert scale for satisfaction by the patients or their caregivers at the follow-up. After a pilot study, the final format of questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results Of the 523 calls attended, we provided 30.11% patients with dosage change of medications for their symptom management, 16.25% patients have liaised with local general practitioners, and 14.34% of cases had to be referred for emergency management to our hospitals. We provided 23.9% of them with emotional and bereavement support and 6.21% with smartphone-based or video-assisted guidance to the patients and caregivers. Conclusions Liaison of general practitioners was possible in more than one-tenth of cases. The core components of our service were politeness and caring attitude, helpfulness, handling doubts regarding the illness, and an opportunity to share thoughts from the patients or caregivers. More than three-fourth of the callers have rated their experience as satisfactory and would recommend this service to other patients in need. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Indian Journal of Medical & Paediatric Oncology is the property of Thieme Medical & Scientific Publishers Private Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Background: This study aims to study the predictors and the pattern of adverse drug reactions to Covishield vaccine which is being used in the mass vaccination program of the Government of India. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among the dentists working as faculty in four different tertiary care centers in Jaipur city. A prevalidated questionnaire was circulated through E-mail/social media groups to all the participants. Results: A total of 574 participants fulfilled the questionnaire platform;however, six had been excluded from the study due to incompletely filled questionnaires. The remaining 568 were enrolled for the final analysis. About 296 (52.11%) were male and 272 (47.89%) were female. About 52.8% were in the age group of 31–49 years. About 87.32% of the enrolled participants had received both doses of Covishield. Most common postvaccination symptoms were fever (n = 145), local pain at injection site (n = 123), tenderness at injection site (n = 117), and fatigue (n = 91). Female gender, presence of comorbid diseases, and past coronavirus disease-19 infection were statistically significant risk factors for having adverse reactions post vaccination, P = 0.02, 0.043, and 0.0002, respectively. Conclusions: The data suggest that Covishield is well tolerated in the Indian population. Fever, local pain, tenderness at injection site, and fatigue are few commonly reported side effects. All the side effects were mild to moderate in terms of severity. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Oral Research & Review is the property of Wolters Kluwer India Pvt Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Background: Vaccine hesitancy is caused by a variety of factors, which are complex and multifaceted. The perceived risks of vaccines, the relationship between parents and health-care providers, and the social norm of vaccination are all factors that influence vaccine decision making. Objective: This study aimed to conclude the prevalence of vaccine indecision amongst parents visiting PHC in Al-Madinah city, to identify socio-demographic determinants of vaccine hesitancy and to recognize agents and host-related factors, which leads to hesitancy. Methods: A cross-sectional research was implemented on parents who attended the PHC using a valid questionnaire filled by interviewing the parents. All data was confirmed manually then was implied and entered into SPSS software. Then the data were analyzed using the appropriate statistical test. Results: Vaccines can protect children from dangerous diseases, according to 98.1% of the 375 people who took part in our study. 88.5% of parents preferred to get their children vaccinated with all of the vaccines that are recommended. 69.9% of participants had ever been hesitant or unwilling to have their child vaccinated. 9.6% of parents were unable to get their child vaccinated due to distance, clinic timing, time needed to get the clinic or wait at the clinic, and/or the cost of getting to the clinic. Conclusion: Finally, our findings demonstrated that vaccine apprehension is a prominent issue among parents in Saudi Arabia. We discovered that vaccine fear is widespread, and that it spiked during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine is the property of Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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Aims: The objective of this research was to know the state of mind and health of the personnel working in the Universities of the Cuenca-Ecuador canton, during the period of isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: This were a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional research, carried out in the universities of the province of Azuay, after obtaining the permission of the Bioethics Committee, a validated survey was applied, whose independent variable was mood in the staff of the four universities in the process of isolation by COVID-19, the data 610 data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. Results: The number of resulting electronic surveys was 610. We found data of affection in the mood of the employees, especially in groups of young employees between 18 and 44 years old (p=0.002), with reference to sex, women present greater wear and tear in their mood with 66.56% over men 59.17% (p= 0.047). In addition to this, 65.02% did not present pathologies and the remaining percentage of workers showed diseases of various etiologies. Conclusions: University employees presented a deterioration in their mood, as an effect of the health crisis we are going through worldwide and presented a low prevalence of other pre-existing diseases in this period of isolation, among which the most frequent were those associated with metabolic damage. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Objetivo: El objeto de esta investigación fue conocer el estado de ánimo y de salud del personal que labora en las Universidades del cantón Cuenca-Ecuador, en el periodo de aislamiento por la pandemia COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se trató de una investigación de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, realizada en las Universidades de la provincia del Azuay, previa obtención del permiso de Comité de Bioética se aplicó una encuesta validada, cuya variable independiente fue estado de ánimo en los funcionarios de las cuatro universidades en el proceso de aislamiento por covid-19, los datos 610 datos fueron analizados mediante el programa estadístico SPSS. Resultados: El número de encuestas electrónicas resultantes fue 610. Se encontraron datos de afección en el estado de ánimo de los funcionarios especialmente en grupos de funcionarios jóvenes de 18 a 44 años (p=0,002), con referencia al sexo las mujeres presentan mayor desgaste en su estado anímico con un 66,56% sobre los varones 59,17% (p= 0,047). Adicional a esto, el 65,02% no presentan patologías y el porcentaje restante de trabajadores mostró enfermedades de diversas etiologías. Conclusiones: Los funcionarios universitarios presentaron un deterioro en su estado de ánimo, como efecto de la crisis sanitaria que atravesamos a nivel mundial y presentaron una baja prevalencia de otras enfermedades preexistentes en este periodo de aislamiento, entre las cuales las más frecuentes fueron las que se asocian a daños metabólicos. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacologia y Terapeutica is the property of Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacologia y Terapeutica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)